William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings, ed. and tr. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson and M. Winterbottom (2 vols., Oxford, 1998-9), I, p. 585.

R. Stalley, The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland (London / New Haven, 1987), pp. 46, 202.

Idungus of Prüfung, Cistercians and Cluniacs: the Case for Cîteaux [A Dialogue between Two Monks; an Argument on Four Questions], ed. and tr. J. O’Sullivan and J. Leahey (Kalamazoo, 1977), I: 36, p. 42.

D. H. Williams, The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages (Leominster, 1998), p. 227.

Idungus, Dialogue, II: 62, p. 98.

A. A. King, Liturgies of the Religious Orders (London, 1956), p. 100.

Les Ecclesiastica Officia Cisterciens du xii siecle, ed. D. Choisselet and P. Vernet (Reinigue, 1989), XV: 7, 8 (p. 92).

J. M. Canivez, Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis ab anno 1116 ad anno 1786 8 vols (Louvain, 1933-41), I: 1185: 4.

Stalley, The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland, p. 202.

The uniformity of liturgical practice amongst the Cistercian houses made this possible. When Benedictine monks visited another house of their order they did not generally join the host community in the choir, for the celebration of the liturgy varied from house to house.

Chartularies of St Mary’s Abbey, Dublin, 2 vols, ed. J. T. Gilbert (London, 1884), I, p. 6.

'The Clairvaux Breve et Memoriale Scriptum' in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century Usages with Related Texts, ed C. Waddell (Brecht, 2000), pp. 198-209, at p. 198.

Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, ed. E. A. Bond (3 vols., London, 1866-8), I, p. 356.

On Palm Sunday the sacrist and his helper left the choir at the appropriated time and distributed palm branches to monks, novices, and the remainder to lay-brothers, and the familia and guests, if present Ecclesiastica Officia 17: 4.
The ashes were brought outside the choir to the familia and guests if present, Ecclesiastica Officia, 13: 23.
The sacrist, or another official, left the choir and let guests, if present, adore the cross, Ecclesiastica Officia 22: 24.

After Terce the sacrist and his helper distributed candles to the monks, novices, lay-brothers, household and even guests, if present, Ecclesiastica Officia 47: 5.
When the sacrist had sprinkled the two choirs, he carried the water to the guests and familia and poured it in the vessels normally used every day, Ecclesiastica Officia 55: 25.

See note in Idungus, Dialogue, pp. 195-6.

Ecclesiastica Officia 67: 1, 2; 6.

King, Liturgies, pp. 120-1.

See note in Idungus, Dialogue, p. 195.

The Letters of Bernard of Clairvaux, ed. B. S. James, rev. B. M. Kienzle (Stroud, 1998), ep. 72. Trois-Fontaines was the first of Clairvaux’s daughter-houses.