1. De Nugis Curialium - Courtier's Trifles, ed. and tr. M. R.
James, rev. C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1982),
p. 75.
2. To read more about Cistercian granges, see C. Platt, The
Monastic Grange in Medieval England: A Reassessment (London, 1969), T. A.
M. Bishop, 'Monastic granges in Yorkshire', The English Historical
Review 51 (1936), pp. 193-214; R. A. Donkin, 'The Cistercian grange
in England in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, with special
reference to Yorkshire', Studia Monastica 6 (1964), pp. 95-144,
C. V. Graves, 'The economic activities of the Cistercians in medieval
England', Analecta Cisterciensia XIII (1957), pp. 3-62.
3. The Fountains Abbey Lease Book, ed. D. H. Michelmore, Yorkshire
Arch. Soc. Record Ser. CXL (Leeds, 1981), p. 235.
4. C. Platt, The Monastic Grange in Medieval England: A Reassessment (London,
1969), p. 220.
5. Michelmore, The Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. lx; no. 227 (1513),
pp. 226-228; p. 229.
6. Memorials of Fountains I, ed. J. Walbran, Surtees Society 42
(1863), p. 317.
7. G. Coppack, Fountains Abbey (Stroud, 2003), pp. 114-115.
8. Platt, Monastic Grange, p. 79.
9. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, pp. 235; 167n.
10. J. Bond, Monastic Landscapes, (Stroud, 2004), p. 48.
11. For a detailed study of Bradley grange, see C. T. Clay, 'Bradley,
a grange of Fountains', Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 29 (1929),
pp. 97-106.
12. Platt, The Monastic Grange, pp. 189-190. Bewerley was at first
a lodge, and later a grange, see Coppack, Fountains Abbey, p. 109.
13. B. Jennings, Yorkshire Monasteries: Cloister, Land and
People (Otley, 1999), p. 108.
14. R. A. Donkin, The Cistercians: Studies in the Geography
of Medieval England and Wales (Toronto, 1978), p. 79.
15. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. liv.
16. See Walbran's note, Memorials of Fountains I, pp. 360-1' for
the record of this stay and the payment of corn, see Memorials of
Fountains I, pp. 143, 166.
17. A History of Nidderdale, ed. B. Jennings (Huddersfield, 1967),
p. 103.
18. Coppack, Fountains Abbey, p. 114.
19. Platt, The Monastic Grange, pp. 40-41.
20. Platt, The Monastic Grange p. 220.
21. Platt, The Monastic Grange, pp. 213-214; Memorials
of Fountains I, p. 316.
22. Jennings, Yorkshire Monasteries, p. 106; J. Bond, 'Monastic
water management in Great Britain: a review', in Monastic Archaeology,
ed. G. Keevil, M. Aston and T. Hall (Oxford, 2001), pp. 88-136,
at p. 128.
23. Platt, The Monastic Grange, pp. 44-46; for a full account of
the excavations at Cowton in 1962, see appendix I.
24. Platt, The Monastic Grange, p. 192.
25. Platt, The Monastic Grange, pp. 213-214
26. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. xivii.
27. Institutes of the General Chapter, clause LXX 'Of grange management',
in Narrative and Legislative Texts from Early Cîteaux, ed
and tran. C. Waddell (Cîteaux, 1999), p. 488.
28. See clause six of the twelfth-century customs for the lay-brothers,
the Usus Conversorum, in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts (Brecht, 2000), p. 178.
29. Platt, Monastic Grange, p. 82.
30. Platt, Monastic Grange, p. 83.
31. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. xxix, nos. 276, 235.
32. 'Usus Conversorum' in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, ed. C. Waddell (Brecht, 2000), pp. 178-9.
33. 'Usus Conversorum', in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, ed. C. Waddell (Brecht, 2000), ch VI,
p. 178.
34. 'Usus Conversorum', in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, clauses and vii, pp. 178-179.
35. 'Usus Conversorum', in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, ch. xv, p. 188.
36. Canivez, Statutes I, 1195: 66 (p. 191) and 1206: 23 (p. 324);
see J. Sayers, 'Violence in the medieval cloister' , Journal
of Ecclesiastical History 41: 4 (1990), pp. 533-42, at p. 539.
37. Ch. XI 'Clairvaux Breve' in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, ed. C. Waddell (Brecht, 2000), p. 206.
38. Ch. X 'Clairvaux Breve' in Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century
Usages with Related Texts, ed. C. Waddell (Brecht, 2000), p. 204.
39. J. Wardrop, Fountains Abbey and its Benefactors (Kalamazoo,
1987), pp. 120-1
40. See the concessions listed in chapter IX of the twelfth-century
Clairvaux text, Cistercian Lay Brothers: Twelfth-century Usages
with Related Texts, p. 204.
41. Waddell, Usages, ch VI, p. 178; ch VII, p. 179; Capitula of
the General Chapter, clauses XVII and XVIII, in Waddell, Narrative
and Legislative Texts, p. 412.
42. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. xxxiv; Memorials
of Fountains I, no. LXXXI (pp. 287-288).
43. Memorials of Fountains I, pp. 293-294.
44. J. S. Fletcher, The Cistercians in Yorkshire (London, 1919),
p. 154; Memorials of Fountains III, ed. J. T. Fowler, Surtees Society
130 (1918), p. 15.
45. Canivez, Statutes I, 1195: 66 (p. 191) and 1206: 23 (p. 324);
see J. Sayers, 'Violence in the medieval cloister', Journal
of Ecclesiastical History 41: 4 (1990), pp. 533-42, at p. 539.
46. Chronica Monasterii de Melsa I, ed. E. Bond (London, 1866),
p. 432.
47. Williams, The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages (Leominster,
1998), p. 288; Rotuli Hundredorum I 112.
48. Williams, Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages, p. 248
49. Platt, Monastic Grange, pp. 196-197.
50. Monasticon Anglicanum V, ed. W. Dugdale, p. 505, no. XIII; J.
Aveling, The History of Roche Abbey from its Foundation to its Dissolution
(Worksop, 1870) pp. 31-2.
51. A charter of 1377 reveals that the abbey had its own fulling
mill; a document of 37 Henry VIII refers to the abbey's water mill
at Barkhouse Mill, see Aveling, Roche Abbey, pp. 126-8.
52. 'Foundation of Kirkstall Abbey', ed. E. K. Clark, in Miscellanea,
Thoresby Society IV (Leeds, 1879), pp. 169-208, at pp. 184-5.
53. The History of William of Newburgh, tr. J. Stevenson (Llanerch
facsimile, Felinfach, 1996), bk. IV, ch 38 (p. 615). This was regarding
the tax levied to pay Richard I's (1189-99) ransom.
54. See Williams, The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages (Leominster,
1998), pp. 257-360; for further reading, see T. R. Eckenode, 'The
English Cistercians and their sheep in during the Middle Ages',
Cîteaux XXIV (1973), pp. 250-266.
55. Memorials of Fountains III, pp. 227-230.
56. Jennings, Yorkshire Monasteries, pp.99-100.
57. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. lix.
58. Michelmore, Fountains Abbey Lease Book, p. xxxiv; Bond, Monastic
Landscapes, p. 63.
59. Bond, Monastic Landscapes, p. 53.
60. Bond, Monastic Landscapes, p. 144.
61. Williams, Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages, p. 291.
62. For a summary, see C. Talbot, 'The account book of Beaulieu
Abbey', Cîteaux in de Nederlanden (1958), pp. 189-210, at
pp. 197-200. The account book has been published by the Camden
Society,
The Account Book of Beaulieu Abbey, ed. S. F. Hockey, Camden Soc.
Fourth Ser. (1975).
63. Talbot, 'Account Book of Beaulieu Abbey', p. 198.
64. Memorials of Fountains III, pp. xiv-xv.
65. Talbot, 'Account Book of Beaulieu Abbey', p. 198.
66. Memorials of Fountains III, pp. xv, 10, 12, 44, 47, 88, 90.
67. Memorials of Fountains III, pp. xv; Fountains Abbey Lease Book,
pp. lix and 180.
68. The Fountains Abbey Lease Book, no. 180 (pp. 165-167, at p.
166); the lease is dated 1526.
69. Bond, Monastic Landscapes, p. 144.
70. R. A. Donkin, The Cistercians: Studies in the Geography
of Medieval England and Wales (Toronto, 1978), pp. 98-99. For an extensive discussion
of sheepcotes, which considers their form, function and surviving
evidence for Gloucestershire, see C. Dyer, 'Sheepcotes: evidence
for medieval sheepfarming', Medieval Archaeology 39 (1995), pp.
136-164.
71. J. Burton, The Monastic Order in Yorkshire 1069-1215 (Cambridge,
1999), p. 255.
72. See Williams, The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages (Leominster,
1998), pp. 257-360.
73. Burton, 'The estates and economy', p. 49.
74. Burton, 'The estates and economy', pp.74, 50; Jennings, Yorkshire
Monasteries, p. 75.
75. R. A. Donkin, The Cistercians: Studies in the Geography
of Medieval England and Wales (Toronto, 1978), pp. 98-99.
76. Burton, 'The estates and economy', p. 78.
77. Jennings, Yorkshire Monasteries, p. 72.
78. Cited in Burton, 'The estates and economy', p.78 (Rievaulx Cartulary,
p. 284).
79. Williams, Cistercians, p. 353.
80. Cited in Williams, Cistercians, p. 353 (Statutes 1158).
